The Sioux Massacre of 1862.

by John H. Stevens
from Minnesota and Its People and Early History of Minneapolis
(Minneapolis, 1890)

Events at the Upper or Yellow Medicine Agency.

D uring all that fatal 18th of August, the people at the Upper Agency pursued their usual avocations. As night approached, however, an unusual gathering of Indians was observed on the hill just west of the Agency, and between it and the house of John Other Day. Judge Givens and Charles Crawford, then acting as interpreters in the absence of Freniere, went out to them, and sought to learn why they were there in council, but could get no satisfactory reply. Soon after this, Other Day came to them with the news of the outbreak below, as did also Joseph Leframboise, a half-breed Sioux. The families there were soon all gathered together in the warehouse and dwelling of the agent, who resided in the same building, and with the guns they had, prepared themselves as best they could and awaited the attack, determined to sell their lives as dearly as possible. There were gathered here sixty-two persons, men, women and children.
Other Day and several other Indians who came to them told them they would stand by them to the last. These men visited the council outside several times during the night, but when they were most needed, one only, the noble and heroic Other Day, remained faithful. All the others disappeared, one after another, during the night.
About 1 or 2 o'clock in the morning, Stewart B. Garvie, connected with the traders' store known as Myrick's, came to the warehouse and was admitted, badly wounded, a charge of buckshot having entered his bowels. Garvie was standing in the doorway of his store when he was fired upon. At about this time Joseph Laframboise went to the store of Darly & Pratt, and told the two men in charge there, Duncan H. Kennedy and J. D. Boardman, to flee for their lives. They had not gone ten rods when they saw in the path before them three Indians. They stepped down from the path, which ran along the edge of a rise in the ground of some feet, and crouching in the grass, the Indians passed within eight feet of them. Kennedy escaped to Fort Ridgely, and Boardman went to the warehouse.

WONDERFUL EXCAPE OF YOUNG PATOILE.
At the store of Wm. H. Forbes, Constans, book-keeper, a native of France, was killed. At the store of Patoile, Peter Patoile, a nephew of the proprietor, was shot just outside the store, the ball entering at the back and coming out near the nipple, passing through his lungs. An Indian came to him after he fell, turned him over, and saying, "He is dead," left him. The clerks in the store of Louis Roberts had effected their escape. When the Indians became absorbed in the work of plunder, Patoile crawled off into the bushes, on the banks of the Yellow Medicine, and secreted himself. Here he remained all day. After dark, he ascended the bluff out of the Yellow Medicine bottom, and dragged himself a mile and a half further, to the Minnesota at the mouth of the Yellow Medicine. Wading in the Minnesota, he entered the house of Louis Labelle, on the opposite side of the ford. It was deserted. He lay down upon a bed and slept until morning. Joseph Laframbrois, Narces Freniere, and an Indian, Makacago, found him there and awoke him, telling him there were hostile Indians about and he must hide. They gave him a blanket to disguise himself, and going with him to a ravine, concealed him in the grass and left him, promising to return as soon as it was safe to do so, to bring him food and guide him to the prairie. He lay in this ravine until near night, when his friends, true to their promise, returned, bringing him some crackers, tripe and onions. They went with him some distance out on the prairie , and enjoined upon him not to attempt to go to Fort Ridgely, and giving him the best directions that they could as to the course he should take, shook hands with him and left him. Their names should be inscribed upon tablets more enduring than brass.
Over an unknown region without an inhabitant, sleeping on the prairie and in deserted houses, wounded, without food for days after his scanty supply was exhausted, young Patoile wandered, traveling some two hundred miles in twelve days, when he came to some white men who had returned to the homes they had deserted to look after their crops and cattle. He was in the Sauk Valley, forty miles above St. Cloud. He was taken in a wagon by these men to St. Cloud. His wounds were dressed, his recovery was rapid and he enlisted in the Minnesota Mounted Rangers and served in the campaign of 1863 against the Indians.

OTHER DAY, A FULL-BLOODED INDIAN, SAVES A LARGE PARTY.
We now return to the warehouse at Little Medicine, which we left to follow the strange fortunes of young Patoile. Other Day was constantly on the watch outside, and reported the progress of affairs to those within. Toward daylight the yells of the savages came distinctly to their ears from the trading-post a half a mile distant. The Indians were absorbed in the work of plunder. The chances of escape were sadly against the whites, yet they decided to make the attempt. Other Day knew every foot of the country over which they should pass, and would be their guide.
The wagons were driven to the door. A bed was placed in one of them, and Garvie was laid upon it. The women provided a few loaves of bread, and just as day dawned, they started on their perilous way. How their hearts did beat! This party consisted of the family of Major Galbraith, wife and three children; Nelson Givens, wife and wife's mother, and three children; Noah Sinks, wife and two children; Henry Eschelle, wife and five children; John Fadden, wife and three children; Mr. German and wife; Frederick Patoile, wife and two children; Mrs. Jane K. Murch, Miss Mary Charles, Miss Lizzie Sawyer, Miss Mary Daly, Miss Mary Hays, Mrs. Eleanor Warner, Mrs. John Other Day and one child, Mrs. Haurahan, N. A. Miller, Edward Cramsie, Z. Hawkins, Oscar Canfil, Mr. Hill, an artist from St. Paul; J. D. Boardman, Parker Pierce, Dr. J. S. Wakefield, and several others.
They crossed the Minnesota, and escaped by way of the Kandiyohi lakes and Glencoe. Garvie died and was buried on the way. Major Galbraith writes:
Led by the noble Other Day, they struck out on the naked prairie, literally placing their lives in the faithful creature's hands, and guided by him and him alone. After intense suffering and privation, they reached Shakopee on the 23rd of August, Other Day never leaving them for an instant; and this Other Day is a pure, full-blooded Indian, and was, not long since, one of the wildest and fiercest of his race.

Government gave John Other Day a farm in Minnesota. He died several years since. His wife was pure white.
Early in the evening of Monday, two civilized Indians, Chaskada and Tankanxaceye, went to the house of Dr. Williamson, a few miles above the agency, and warned them of their danger; and two half-breeds, Michael and Gabriel Renfield, and two Christian Indians, Paul Maxacuta Mani and Simon Anaga Mani, went to the house of Mr. Riggs, the missionary at Hazelwood, and gave them warning of their danger. There were at this place at that time, the family of Rev. S. R. Riggs, Mr. H. D. Cunningham and family, Mr. D. W. Moore and his wife, and Jonas Pettijohn and family. Mr. Pettijohn and wife were in charge of the government school at Red Iron's village, and were now at Mr. Riggs'. These friendly Indians went with them to an island in the Minnesota, about three miles from the mission. Here they remained until Tuesday evening. In the afternoon of Tuesday, Andrew Hunter, a son-in-law of Dr. Williamson, came to him with the information that the family of himself and the Doctor were secreted below. The families at the saw-mills had been informed by the Renfields, and were with the party of Dr. Williamson. At night they formed a junction and commenced their perilous journey. A thunder-storm effectively obliterated their tracks, so that the savages could not follow them, and they escaped. On the way they were joined by three Germans who had escaped from Yellow Medicine, who afterwards left them, with a young man named Gilligan, and were killed. All the others reached the settlements unharmed.

Settlers escaping the Santee uprising of 1862.

The news of the murders below reached Leopold Wohler, three miles below Yellow Medicine, on Monday afternoon. Taking his wife, he crossed the Minnesota river to the house of Major Joseph R. Brown. Major Brown's family consisted of his wife and nine children; Angus Brown and wife, and Charles Blair, a son-in-law, his wife and two children. The Major was away from home. Including Wohler and his wife, there were then at his house, on the evening of the 18th of August, eighteen persons. They started early on the morning of the 19th to make their escape, with one or two of their neighbors, Charles Holmes, a single man, being of the party. They were overtaken near Beaver Creek by Indians, and all of the Browns, Mr. Blair and family, and Mrs. Wohler were captured, and taken at once to Little Crow's village. Messrs. Wohler and Holmes escaped. Major Brown's family were of mixed Indian blood. This probably accounts for them saving the life of Blair, who was a white man. Crow told him to go away, as his young men were going to kill him; and he escaped, being out five days and nights without food. The sufferings he endured caused his death soon after.
J. H. Ingalls, a Scotchman, who resided in the neighborhood, and his wife were killed, and their four children captured. Two of them, young girls of twelve and fourteen years, were rescued at Camp Release. The two little boys were taken away by Little Crow, and their fate is shrouded in mystery. A Mr. Frace, residing near Brown's place, was also killed, and his wife and children captured.
At the town of Leavenworth, on the Cottonwood in Brown county, the family of Mr. Blum were all, except a small boy, killed while endeavoring to escape. On Tuesday morning, Philetus Jackson was killed while on the way to town with his wife and son. Mrs. Jackson and the young man escaped. Mr. Henshaw and Mr. Whiton were also killed.
Early in the forenoon of Monday, August 18th, Indians appeared in large numbers at the town of Milford, adjoining New Ulm. The first house visited was that of Wilson Massipost, a widower. Mr. Massipost had two daughters, intelligent and accomplished. These the savages brutally murdered. His son, a young man of twenty, was also killed. Mr. Massipost and a son of eight years escaped. Mr. Mesmer, his wife, son and daughter were instantly shot. At the house of Agrenatz Hanley all the children were killed. The parents escaped. Bastian Mey, wife and two children were killed in their house and three children terribly mutilated who recovered. Adolph Schilling and his daughter were killed. Two families, those of Mr. Zeller and Mr. Zettle, were completely annihilated: no one left to tell the tale of their sudden destruction. Mr. Brown, and son, and daughter, were killed.

ONLY A GLIMPSE OF THE SITUATION.
Thirty thousand panic-stricken inhabitants at once deserted their homes, and were destitute of the necessities of life. As the panic-stricken fugitives poured along the various roads leading to the towns below, on Monday night and Tuesday, indescribable terror seized the inhabitants; and the rapidly accumulating tide, gathering force and numbers as it moved across the prairie rolled an overwhelming flood into the towns along the river. As no wisdom could direct it, no force resist it, so no pen can describe it. It was gloomy, chaotic, terrific. This record, incomplete, inadequate, seems insignificant, when we consider that it covers but a small portion of the territory involved, and extends over scarcely more than two days' time, during which some eight hundred whites were foully murdered, and a large number of the fairest women and girls of the land, bereft of their kindred and protectors, were dragged into a loathsome captivity by savages whose crimes would make murder by contrast a mercy.

SOME OF THE RESULTS ACHIEVED.
Of the prompt action of the authorites in taking measures for the protection of the frontier, and of the heroic conduct of those engaged there, I will not here write. The military history of the Sioux war is now being written by participants. Some of the results achieved were, the release of all the white captives about the first of October, 1862, to the number of about one hundred, and half-breeds to the number of about one hundred and fifty, at Camp Release. Our forces also had about two thousand Indian prisoners. A military commission recommended some three hundred of them for capital punishment, but President Lincoln allowed only about thirty-eight to be hung.

General H. H. Sibley. GENERAL SIBLEY'S ACCOUNT OF THE CAPTIVES AT CAMP RELEASE.
"I entered with my officers to the center of the circle formed by the numerous lodges, and seeing the old savage whom I knew personally as the individual with stentorian lungs, who promulgated the orders of the chiefs and head men to the multitude, I beckoned him to me and, in a peremptory tone, ordered him to go through the camp and notify the tenants that I demanded all the female captives to be brought to me instanter. And now was presented a scene that no one who witnessed it can ever forget. From the lodges there issued more than one hundred comely young girls and women, most of whom were so scantily clad as scarcely to conceal their nakedness. On the persons of some hung only a single garment, while pitying half-breeds and Indian women had provided others with scraps of clothing from their own little wardrobes, answering, indeed, a mere temporary purpose. But a worse accoutered or more distressed group of civilized beings imagination would fail to picture. Some seemed stolid, as if their minds had been strained to madness and reaction had brought vacant gloom, indifference and despair. They gazed with a sad stare. Others acted differently. The great body of the poor creatures rushed wildly to the spot where I was standing with my brave officers, pressing as close to us as possible, grasping our hands and clinging to our limbs, as if fearful that the red devils might yet reclaim their victims. I did all I could to reassure them, by telling them that they were now to be released from their horrible sufferings and freed from their bondage. Many were hysterical, bordering on convulsions, laughter and tears commingling, incredulous that they were in the hands of their preservers. A few of the more attractive had been offered the alternative of becoming the temporary wives of select warriors and so, helpless and powerless, yet escaping the promiscuous attention of a hoard of savages bent on brutal insult insulting to conceive, and impossible to be described. The majority of these outraged girls and young women were, for the most part, respectable, prosperous and educated citizens whose wives and daughters had been afforded the privileges of a good common school education. Such were the delicate young girls and women who had been subjected for weeks to the inhumane embraces of hundreds of filthy savages, utterly devoid of compassion for the sufferers. Escorting the captives to the outside of the camp, they were placed under the protection of the troops and taken to our own encampment, where I had ordered tents to be pitched for their accommodation. Officers and men, affected even to tears by the scene, denuded themselves of their entire underclothing, blankets, coats, or whatever they could give, or could be converted into rainment for these heart-broken and abused victims of savage lust and rage. The only white man found alive when we reached the Indian encampment was George H. Spencer, who was saved from death by the heroic devotion of his Indian comrade, but yet badly wounded. He said to me, 'It is God's mercy that you did not march here on the night of the battle. A plan was formed, had you done so, to murder the captives then scatter to the prairies,' thus verifying my prediction of the course they would pursue. I bless God for the wisdom he gave me and whereby, with the aid of my brave men, in spite of all slander and abuse, I was enabled to win a victory so decisive, and redeem from their thraldom those unfortunate sufferers who were a burden on my heart from the first moment of my campaign."

DEATH OF LITTLE CROW -- KILLED BY MR. LAMPSON.
On Friday evening, July 3rd, 1863, Mr. Lampson and his son Chauncey, while travelling along the road about six miles north of Hutchinson, discovered two Indians in a prairie opening in the woods, interspersed with clumps of bushes and vines and a few scattered poplars, picking berries. These two Indians were Little Crow and his son Wowinapa.

Little Crow's son Wowinape in February 1864, age 18 years. STATEMENT BY THE SON OF LITTLE CROW.
"I am the son of Little Crow. My name is Wowinapa. I am sixteen years old. My father had two wives before he took my mother; the first one had a son; the second one son and daughter; the third wife was my mother. After taking my mother he put away the first two. He had seven children by my mother -- six are dead; I am the only one living now. The fourth wife had four children born; do not know whether any died or not; two were boys and two were girls. The fifth wife had five children -- three of them are dead, and two are living. The sixth wife had three children; all of them are dead; the oldest was a boy, the other two were girls. The last four wives were sisters.
"Father went to St. Joseph last spring. When we were coming back he said he could not fight the white men, but would go below and steal horses from them, and give them to his children so that they could be comfortable, and then he would go away off.
"Father also told me that he was getting old, and wanted me to go with him to carry his bundles. He left his wives and his other children behind. There were sixteen men and one squaw in the party that went below with us. We had no horses but walked all the way down to the settlements. Father and I were picking red berries, near Scattered Lake, at the time he was shot. It was near night. He was hit the first time in the side, just above the hip. His gun and mine were lying on the ground. He took up my gun and fired it first, and then fired his own. He was shot the second time when he was firing his own gun. The ball struck the stock of his gun, and then hit him in the side, near the shoulder. This was the shot that killed him. He told me that he was killed, and asked me for water, which I gave him. He died immediately after. When I heard the first shot I laid down, and the man did not see me before my father was killed.
"A short time before father was killed an Indian named Hiuka, who married the daughter of my father's second wife, came to him. He had a horse with him -- also a grey-colored coat that he had taken from a man he had killed to the north of where father was killed. He gave the coat to father, telling him that he might need it when it rained, as he had no coat with him. Hiuka said he had a horse now, and was going back to the Indian country.
"The Indians that went down with us separated. Eight of them and the squaw went north; the other eight went futher down. I have not seen any of them since. After father was killed I took both guns and the ammunition and started to go to Devil's Lake, where I expected to find some of my friends. When I got to Beaver creek I saw the tracks of two Indians, and at Standing Buffalo's village I saw where the eight Indians that had gone north had crossed.
"I carried both guns as far as the Sheyenne river, where I saw two men. I was scared and threw my gun and the ammunition down. After that I travelled only in the night; and as I had no ammunition to kill anything to eat, I had not strength enough to travel fast. I went on until I arrived near Devil's Lake, where I staid in one place three days, being so weak and hungry that I could go no further. I had picked up a cartridge near Big Stone Lake which I still had with me, and loaded father's gun with it, cutting the ball into slugs. With this charge I shot a wolf, ate some of it, which gave me strength to travel and went up the lake until the day I was captured, which was twenty-six days from the day my father was killed."

The removal of the Indians from the borders of Minnesota, and the opening up for settlement of over a million of acres of superior land, was a prospective benefit to the state of immense value, both in its domestic quiet and its rapid advancement in material wealth.

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Last modified: October 6, 2002
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